Toco Toucan
Zoo Tek Phoenix (https://zootekphoenix.com/forums/files/file/5649-keel-billed-~-swainsons-~-toco-toucans-by-genkicoll/)
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Author: Genkicoll
Keywords: real birds
Date Released: Nov 27 2009
Current gcTocoToucan.ztd dated 18 September 2009
File Size: 125.83k
Compatibility: All Game Versions
Description: The Toco Toucan (Ramphastos toco) is the largest and arguably best known species in the toucan family. It is found in semi-open habitats throughout a large part of central and eastern South America. It is a common attraction in zoos.
Description
The Toco Toucan has a striking plumage with a mainly black body, a white throat, chest and uppertail-coverts, and red undertail-coverts. What appears to be a blue iris is actually thin blue skin around the eye. This blue skin is surrounded by another ring of bare, orange skin. The most noticeable feature, however, is its huge bill, which is yellow-orange, tending to deeper reddish-orange on its lower sections and culmen, and with a black base and large spot on the tip. It looks heavy, but as in other toucans it is relatively light because the inside largely is hollow. The tongue is nearly as long as the bill and very flat. With a total length of 55-65 cm (22-26 in), incl. a bill that measures almost 20 cm (8 in), and a weight of 500-860 g (17.5-30 oz), it is the largest species of toucan and the largest representative of the order Piciformes. The average Toco Toucan is 700 grams. Males are larger than females, but otherwise both are alike. Juveniles are duller and shorter-billed than adults. Its voice consists of a deep, coarse croaking, often repeated every few seconds. It also has a rattling call and will bill-clack.
Distribution
It occurs in northern and eastern Bolivia, extreme south-eastern Peru, northern Argentina, eastern and central Paraguay, eastern and southern Brazil (excluding southern Rio Grande do Sul, the dry regions dominated by Caatinga vegetation and coastal regions between Ceará and Rio de Janeiro). Other disjunct populations occur along the lower Amazon River (Ilha de Marajó west approximately to the Madeira River), far northern Brazil in Roraima, and coastal regions of the Guianas. It only penetrates the Amazon in relatively open areas (e.g. along river corridors). It is resident, but local movements may occur.
Habitat and status
It is, unlike the other members of the genus Ramphastos, essentially a non-forest species. It can be found in a wide range of semi-open habitats such as woodland, savanna and other open habitats with scattered trees, Cerrado, plantations, forest-edge, and even wooded gardens. It is mainly a species of lowlands, but occurs up to 1750 m (5750 ft) near the Andes in Bolivia. Because it prefers open habitats it is likely to benefit from the widespread deforestation in tropical South America. It has a large range and except in the outer regions of its range, it typically is fairly common. It is therefore considered to be of Least Concern by BirdLife International. It is easily seen in the Pantanal.
Behavior
The Toco Toucan eats fruit (e.g. figs and Passiflora edulis) using its bill to pluck them from trees, but also insects, frogs, small reptiles and nestlings, and eggs of birds. It also has been known to capture and eat small adult birds in captivity. The long bill is useful for reaching things that otherwise would be out-of-reach. It is also used to skin fruit and scare off predators. It is typically seen in pairs or small groups. In flight it alternates between a burst of rapid flaps with the relatively short, rounded wings, and gliding. They are poor flyers, and usually hop from tree to tree. Nesting is seasonal, but timing differs between regions. The nest is typically placed high in a tree and consists of a cavity, at least part of which is excavated by the parent birds themselves. It has also been recorded nesting in holes in earth-banks and terrestrial termite-nests. Their reproduction cycle is annual. The female usually lays two to four eggs a few days after mating. The eggs are incubated by both sexes and hatch after 17-18 days. These birds are very protective of themselves and of their babies.
Bill function
The bill is largest beak relative to body size of all birds providing 30 to 50% of its body surface area. It was called by Buffon a "grossly monstrous" appendage. Diverse functions have been suggested. Charles Darwin suggested it was a sexual ornament: "toucans may owe the enormous size of their beaks to sexual selection, for the sake of displaying the diversified and vivid stripes of colour with which these organs are ornamented". Further suggestions have included aid in peeling fruit, intimidating other birds when robbing their nests, social selection related to defense of territory, and as a visual warning.
Research has shown that one function is as a surface area for heat exchange. The bill has a good ability to modifying blood flow and so regulate heat distribution in the bird allowing it to use its bill as a thermal radiator. In terms of surface area used for this function, the bill relative to the bird's size is amongst the largest of any animal and has a network of superficial blood vessels supporting the thin horny sheath on the bill made of keratin called the rhamphotheca.
In its capacity to remove body heat the bill is comparable to that of elephant ears. The ability to radiate heat depends upon air speed: if this is low only 25% of the adult bird's resting heat production to as much as four times this heart production. In comparison the bill of a duck and the ears of elephant can shed only 9 to 91% of resting heat production. The bill normally is responsible for 30 to 60% of heat loss. The practice of Toco Toucan's of placing their bills under their wings may serve to insulate the bill and reduce heat loss during sleep. It has been observed that "complexities of the vasculature and controlling mechanisms needed to adjust the blood flow to the bill may not be completely developed until adulthood."
Aviculture
The Toco Toucan is sometimes kept in captivity, but has a high fruit diet (mostly consisting of grapes) and is sensitive to haemochromatosis (an iron storage disease). Also, pet Toco Toucans must not be permitted to eat mouse (or rat) meat, due to a risk of bacterial infection. There is an ongoing population management plan that should help to revert the decreasing captive population of the Toco Toucan in AZA institutions. This will be the second management plan that is occurring since 2001.
*100% compatible with the in-game giant anteater
(http://www.ztcdd.org/DD/ZTScreensTek/Animals/TocoToucanTek.jpg)
Additional info:
gcTocoToucan.ztd uca: 83318057 dated 18 September 2009
Results From Configuration Checking:
83318057.uca date: Fri Sep 18 19:34:42 2009
No Errors or Warnings to show.
Animal Type: 83318057
Toco Toucan
The Toco Toucan (Ramphastos toco) is the largest and arguably best known
species in the toucan family. It is found in semi-open habitats throughout a
large part of central and eastern South America. It is a common attraction in
zoos.
(plus 14 other paragraphs)
Animal Characteristics:
Habitat: Rainforest; Location: South America
Minimum happiness needed for chance of breeding: 90.
Preferred shelter: Large Burrow.
Animal can swim in water terrain.
Animal can climb cliffs.
Exhibit Preferences:
Foliage:
Ulmo Tree, Llala Palm Tree, Kapok Tree, Thouarsus Cycad Tree (DD)
Fern Bush (DD), Leptocycas Tree (DD), Williamsonia Tree (DD)
Fallen Rainforest Tree (ES), Rainforest Stump (ES), Rafflesia (ES)
Giant Ficus Tree (ES), Durian Tree (ES)
Rocks:
Stone Ruins, Rainforest Rock - Formation, Mossy Rainforest Rock (ES)
Limestone Rock (ES)
Exhibit Construction:
Number of animals allowed per exhibit: 2-20 with 5 squares for each adult.
Exhibit size (for 2 adults): 10 grid squares
Terrain (for exhibit with 10 grid squares):
8 Rainforest Floor, 1 Grass, 1 Dirt, 0 Fresh Water
Foliage (for exhibit with 10 grid squares):
1 grid square should contain foliage.
Foliage that would give the most happiness: Ulmo Tree
Since this is a small plant, greatest happiness will occur
if the grid square contains 4 of this plant.
Rocks (for exhibit with 10 grid squares):
No rocks should be used.